Anthropic vs Fireworks AI
SEPT 2026 auditA comparison of Anthropic and Fireworks AI built from values read directly from each provider's own documentation, with the source recorded against every figure.
The short answer
Choose Anthropic if…
Teams that want the full 1M-token window at the standard per-token rate rather than a long-context surcharge, and that can use caching and batch to cut a frontier-model bill roughly in half.
Editorial · Palash Bagchi · approved
Choose Fireworks AI if…
Running open-weight models without operating GPUs — the same DeepSeek and Qwen checkpoints the labs publish, served per token, with a path to dedicated hardware if throughput demands it.
Editorial · Palash Bagchi · approved
Consider something else if…
- Anthropic: Its cheapest model is $1 per million input tokens, several times what the budget tiers at Google, OpenAI and DeepSeek charge, so high-volume simple work is priced against you.
- Fireworks AI: You want a frontier proprietary model: Fireworks serves other people's open weights, so the ceiling is whatever the open ecosystem has released.
18 sourced criteria separate them — see where, with sources, below.
Pick the criteria you care about. The chart counts how many of them lean toward each provider — the same read as scanning the bars below, just totalled for the ones you chose.
Anthropic 0
Fireworks AI 0
At a glance.
| Criterion | Anthropic | Fireworks AI |
|---|---|---|
| Pricing | ||
| Free tier | No | No |
| Kind of free offer | Free credit | Free credit |
| Pricing model | Per million tokens, priced separately for input and output and per model, with multipliers stacked on top: prompt caching, a 50% batch discount, a 1.1x uplift for US-only inference on Claude 4.6 and later, and a fast-mode premium. | Three products on one bill. Serverless inference is per token, per model. Fine-tuning is per million TRAINING tokens by parameter band — $0.50 for models up to 16B, $10.00 above 300B. Dedicated GPUs are hourly: $7.00 for an H100 or H200, $10.00 for a B200. |
| Infrastructure | ||
| Regions | Two inference geos on the Claude API: "global" (the default, any available geography) and "us" (US-based infrastructure only, priced at 1.1x on Claude 4.6 and later). Workspace storage geo is "us" only. | Multi-regions GLOBAL, US, EUROPE and APAC, plus 26 named Fireworks-managed single regions (US, Canada, Frankfurt, Iceland, Tokyo, New South Wales, Malaysia) for dedicated deployments. Only GLOBAL has quota by default; other placements must be granted by Fireworks. |
| Inference | ||
| Input price, top model | $10 per million input tokens for Claude Fable 5.1, the most capable model. | $3.00 per million input tokens for Kimi K3, the most expensive model in its serverless catalogue. Fireworks hosts other labs' open-weight models rather than its own, so "flagship" here means the top of what it serves. |
| Output price, top model | $50 per million output tokens for Claude Fable 5.1. | $15.00 per million output tokens for Kimi K3. |
| Input price, cheapest model | $1 per million input tokens for Claude Haiku 4.5, the cheapest current model. | $0.15 per million input tokens for GLM 5.3 Flash, with output at $0.50. DeepSeek-V4-Flash is $0.22 in and $0.66 out — the same model DeepSeek itself sells at $0.44 peak. |
| Context window | 1M tokens on Claude Fable 5.1, Claude Opus 5 and Claude Sonnet 5; 200K on Claude Haiku 4.5. | 1,048,576 tokens on Kimi K3, GLM 5.3 and both DeepSeek V4 variants; 262,144 on Qwen3.8 and 131,072 on Muse Glimmer 30B. The window is the model's, not Fireworks'. |
| Max output tokens | 128K tokens on the top three models, 64K on Claude Haiku 4.5. | No separate output cap. max_tokens is bounded by the model's context length — prompt plus completion must fit inside it — and what happens on overflow is set by context_length_exceeded_behavior rather than a fixed ceiling. |
| Prompt caching | Supported — Priced separately: 5-minute and 1-hour cache writes, with cheaper cache hits and refreshes. | Supported |
| Batch discount | 50% off both input and output tokens through the Batch API, for asynchronous processing. | Batch API processes async requests at 50% off serverless per-token prices; cached tokens get a further 50% off via automatic prompt caching. |
| Rate limits | Per-organization limits set by usage tier (Start, Build, Scale, Custom). On the Start tier the Messages API allows 1,000 RPM with 2,000,000 input and 400,000 output tokens per minute for Claude Opus 5, Sonnet 5 and Haiku 4.5, under a $500/month spend cap. | Adaptive serverless TPM ceilings by model size: 64.8M total prompt / 648k generated TPM under 400B params, down to 21.6M / 216k at 1.6T+ params. Ceilings are upper bounds; effective limits ramp with usage and spending tier. |
| Compliance | ||
| SOC 2 | SOC 2 Type II; the Trust Center lists a 2025 Type 2 SOC 2 and CSA STAR L2 report, a SOC 3 report and a 2026 bridge letter, released on access request. | SOC 2 Type II certified; audit reports available in the Fireworks Trust Center. |
| ISO 27001 | ISO 27001:2022 certified, with an ISO 27001 Certificate (2025) and an ISO/IEC 42001:2023 certificate listed in the Trust Center. | ISO 27001 achieved for its ISMS, alongside ISO 27701 and ISO 42001; certificate PDFs downloadable from the Fireworks Trust Center. |
| HIPAA | HIPAA-ready on the Claude API with a signed BAA; Claude Code, Console usage, Claude Platform on AWS and Microsoft Foundry are not covered. | States it is HIPAA compliant and supports healthcare and life sciences organizations. |
| GDPR / data residency | Inference geo is chosen per request ("global" or "us"); workspace data-at-rest geo is fixed at creation and "us" is currently the only option. | Enterprise-only data residency pins all account inference to one region; US (us.api.fireworks.ai) is the only listed option, default is None, other regions via sales. |
| Encryption at rest | Workspace data is encrypted at rest under Anthropic's default encryption; an opt-in customer-managed key can replace it. | Encrypted at rest with AES-256, and in transit with TLS 1.2+. |
| Customer-managed keys | Optional CMEK using a key in your own AWS KMS, Google Cloud KMS or Azure Key Vault; US regions only, permanent once enabled, activated by the account team. | Bring your own AWS KMS, Google Cloud KMS or Azure Key Vault key; CMEK covers training datasets and checkpoints (LoRA SFT, DPO, RFT), not full-parameter training. Final model weights listed as "Coming soon" on the same page. |
| Role-based access control | Claude Enterprise members hold one of five organization roles, plus custom roles attached to groups; the Admin API reads groups and custom roles. | Four account roles - Admin, User, Contributor and Inference User - with documented per-role resource and API-key permissions. Contributor and Inference User must be enabled by Fireworks support. |
| Private networking / VPC | AWS PrivateLink is supported for connecting your VPC to the Claude Platform on AWS endpoint. Claude Platform on AWS; the statement does not extend to the first-party api.anthropic.com endpoint. | Bring Your Own Cluster (Enterprise, Private Preview) runs Fireworks inference inside your own Kubernetes cluster, cloud account or data-center network boundary. |
| Dedicated infrastructure | Priority Tier capacity commitments are no longer sold; existing ones run to their contract end date and guaranteed capacity goes through sales. | On-demand deployments run on dedicated GPUs billed per GPU-second, with no hard rate limits and performance unaffected by other users. |
Where they differ.
Pricing model
- Anthropic
- Per million tokens, priced separately for input and output and per model, with multipliers stacked on top: prompt caching, a 50% batch discount, a 1.1x uplift for US-only inference on Claude 4.6 and later, and a fast-mode premium.
- Fireworks AI
- Three products on one bill. Serverless inference is per token, per model. Fine-tuning is per million TRAINING tokens by parameter band — $0.50 for models up to 16B, $10.00 above 300B. Dedicated GPUs are hourly: $7.00 for an H100 or H200, $10.00 for a B200.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Pricing — Claude Docs ↗
“This page provides detailed pricing information for Anthropic's models and features. All prices are in USD. [...] These multipliers stack with other pricing modifiers, including the Batch API discount and data residency. [...] specifying US-only inference through the inference_geo parameter incurs a 1.1x multiplier on all token pricing categories”
Read 2026-09-06 · official pricing · Report a correction
- Pricing — Fireworks AI ↗
“MODELS UP TO 16B PARAMETERS $0.50 $1.00 $1.00 $2.00 [...] MODELS >300B (E.G. DEEPSEEK V3, KIMI K2) $10.00 $20.00 $20.00 $40.00 [...] H100 80 GB GPU $7.00 $8.00 H200 141 GB GPU $7.00 $8.00 B200 180 GB GPU $10.00 $13.00”
Read 2026-09-06 · official pricing · Report a correction
Regions
- Anthropic
- Two inference geos on the Claude API: "global" (the default, any available geography) and "us" (US-based infrastructure only, priced at 1.1x on Claude 4.6 and later). Workspace storage geo is "us" only.
- Fireworks AI
- Multi-regions GLOBAL, US, EUROPE and APAC, plus 26 named Fireworks-managed single regions (US, Canada, Frankfurt, Iceland, Tokyo, New South Wales, Malaysia) for dedicated deployments. Only GLOBAL has quota by default; other placements must be granted by Fireworks.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Data residency - Claude Platform Docs ↗
“Default. Inference may run in any available geography for optimal performance and availability. [...] Inference runs only in US-based infrastructure. [...] is the only available workspace geo.”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
- Regions - Fireworks AI Docs ↗
“Supported multi-regions: GLOBAL , US , EUROPE , APAC . [...] Single regions are concrete locations (e.g. US_IOWA_1 , EU_FRANKFURT_1 ) where your deployment can run.”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
Input price, top model
- Anthropic
- $10 per million input tokens for Claude Fable 5.1, the most capable model.
- Fireworks AI
- $3.00 per million input tokens for Kimi K3, the most expensive model in its serverless catalogue. Fireworks hosts other labs' open-weight models rather than its own, so "flagship" here means the top of what it serves.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Pricing — Claude Docs ↗
“Model Base input tokens 5m cache writes 1h cache writes Cache hits and refreshes Output tokens Claude Fable 5.1 $10 / MTok $12.50 / MTok $20 / MTok $0.25 / MTok 1 $50 / MTok”
Read 2026-09-14 · official pricing · Report a correction
- Models — Fireworks AI ↗
“Kimi K3 $3/M Input • $15/M Output • 1048576 Context”
Read 2026-09-06 · official pricing · Report a correction
Output price, top model
- Anthropic
- $50 per million output tokens for Claude Fable 5.1.
- Fireworks AI
- $15.00 per million output tokens for Kimi K3.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Pricing — Claude Docs ↗
“Model Base input tokens 5m cache writes 1h cache writes Cache hits and refreshes Output tokens Claude Fable 5.1 $10 / MTok $12.50 / MTok $20 / MTok $0.25 / MTok 1 $50 / MTok”
Read 2026-09-14 · official pricing · Report a correction
- Models — Fireworks AI ↗
“Kimi K3 $3/M Input • $15/M Output • 1048576 Context”
Read 2026-09-06 · official pricing · Report a correction
Input price, cheapest model
- Anthropic
- $1 per million input tokens for Claude Haiku 4.5, the cheapest current model.
- Fireworks AI
- $0.15 per million input tokens for GLM 5.3 Flash, with output at $0.50. DeepSeek-V4-Flash is $0.22 in and $0.66 out — the same model DeepSeek itself sells at $0.44 peak.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Pricing — Claude Docs ↗
“Claude Haiku 4.5 $1 / MTok $1.25 / MTok $2 / MTok $0.10 / MTok $5 / MTok”
Read 2026-09-14 · official pricing · Report a correction
- Models — Fireworks AI ↗
“GLM 5.3 Flash $0.15/M Input • $0.5/M Output • 1048576 Context [...] DeepSeek-V4-Flash-0731 $0.22/M Input • $0.66/M Output • 1048576 Context”
Read 2026-09-06 · official pricing · Report a correction
Context window
1M tokens on Claude Fable 5.1, Claude Opus 5 and Claude Sonnet 5; 200K on Claude Haiku 4.5.
1,048,576 tokens on Kimi K3, GLM 5.3 and both DeepSeek V4 variants; 262,144 on Qwen3.8 and 131,072 on Muse Glimmer 30B. The window is the model's, not Fireworks'.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Models overview — Claude Docs ↗
“Context window 1M tokens 1M tokens 1M tokens 200K tokens Max output 128K tokens 128K tokens 128K tokens 64K tokens”
Read 2026-09-14 · official docs · Report a correction
- Models — Fireworks AI ↗
“Kimi K3 $3/M Input • $15/M Output • 1048576 Context [...] Qwen3.8-2.4T-A95B $2/M Input • $6/M Output • 262144 Context [...] Muse Glimmer 30B $0.35/M Input • $1.5/M Output • 131072 Context”
Read 2026-09-06 · official pricing · Report a correction
Max output tokens
- Anthropic
- 128K tokens on the top three models, 64K on Claude Haiku 4.5.
- Fireworks AI
- No separate output cap. max_tokens is bounded by the model's context length — prompt plus completion must fit inside it — and what happens on overflow is set by context_length_exceeded_behavior rather than a fixed ceiling.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Models overview — Claude Docs ↗
“Context window 1M tokens 1M tokens 1M tokens 200K tokens Max output 128K tokens 128K tokens 128K tokens 64K tokens”
Read 2026-09-14 · official docs · Report a correction
- Chat Completions API — Fireworks docs ↗
“The maximum number of tokens to generate in the completion. If the token count of your prompt plus max_tokens exceeds the model's context length, the behavior depends on context_length_exceeded_behavior.”
Read 2026-09-07 · official docs · Report a correction
Batch discount
- Anthropic
- 50% off both input and output tokens through the Batch API, for asynchronous processing.
- Fireworks AI
- Batch API processes async requests at 50% off serverless per-token prices; cached tokens get a further 50% off via automatic prompt caching.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Pricing — Claude Docs ↗
“The Batch API allows asynchronous processing of large volumes of requests with a 50% discount on both input and output tokens.”
Read 2026-09-06 · official pricing · Report a correction
- Batch API - Fireworks AI Docs ↗
“Process large volumes of requests asynchronously at 50% off Serverless per-token prices [...] Batch jobs automatically use prompt caching for additional 50% cost savings on cached tokens.”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
Rate limits
- Anthropic
- Per-organization limits set by usage tier (Start, Build, Scale, Custom). On the Start tier the Messages API allows 1,000 RPM with 2,000,000 input and 400,000 output tokens per minute for Claude Opus 5, Sonnet 5 and Haiku 4.5, under a $500/month spend cap.
- Fireworks AI
- Adaptive serverless TPM ceilings by model size: 64.8M total prompt / 648k generated TPM under 400B params, down to 21.6M / 216k at 1.6T+ params. Ceilings are upper bounds; effective limits ramp with usage and spending tier.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Rate limits - Claude Platform Docs ↗
“The rate limits for the Messages API are measured in requests per minute (RPM), input tokens per minute (ITPM), and output tokens per minute (OTPM) for each model class. [...] Claude Opus 5 1,000 2,000,000 400,000 [...] Usage tier Monthly spend cap Start $500 USD Build $1,000 USD Scale $200,000 USD”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
- Serverless Rate Limits - Fireworks AI Docs ↗
“Adaptive rate limit ceilings depend on the model’s total parameter count. Smaller models get higher ceilings: [...] 400B 64.8M 16.2M 648k [...] 1.6T 21.6M 5.4M 216k”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
SOC 2
- Anthropic
- SOC 2 Type II; the Trust Center lists a 2025 Type 2 SOC 2 and CSA STAR L2 report, a SOC 3 report and a 2026 bridge letter, released on access request.
- Fireworks AI
- SOC 2 Type II certified; audit reports available in the Fireworks Trust Center.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Anthropic Trust Center ↗
“Compliance HIPAA SOC 2 Type II ISO 27001:2022 ISO/IEC 42001:2023 FedRAMP High UK Cyber Essentials [...] [Anthropic] 2025 Type 2 SOC 2 and CSA STAR L2 Report.pdf”
Read 2026-09-13 · official site · Report a correction
- Data Security - Fireworks AI Docs ↗
“SOC 2 Type II (certified) [...] Documentation and audit reports are available in our Trust Center”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
ISO 27001
- Anthropic
- ISO 27001:2022 certified, with an ISO 27001 Certificate (2025) and an ISO/IEC 42001:2023 certificate listed in the Trust Center.
- Fireworks AI
- ISO 27001 achieved for its ISMS, alongside ISO 27701 and ISO 42001; certificate PDFs downloadable from the Fireworks Trust Center.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Anthropic Trust Center ↗
“Compliance HIPAA SOC 2 Type II ISO 27001:2022 ISO/IEC 42001:2023 [...] [Anthropic] ISO 27001 Certificate (2025).pdf”
Read 2026-09-13 · official site · Report a correction
- Data Security - Fireworks AI Docs ↗
“Fireworks has achieved all three ISO certifications covering security, privacy, and AI management: [...] Certificate PDFs for all three certifications are available for download from the Fireworks Trust Center”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
HIPAA
- Anthropic
- HIPAA-ready on the Claude API with a signed BAA; Claude Code, Console usage, Claude Platform on AWS and Microsoft Foundry are not covered.
- Fireworks AI
- States it is HIPAA compliant and supports healthcare and life sciences organizations.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- API and data retention - Claude Platform Docs ↗
“The Claude API supports HIPAA-ready integrations for organizations that handle protected health information (PHI). With a signed BAA and a HIPAA-enabled organization, you can use supported API features to process PHI [...] Claude Code: Claude Code is not covered under HIPAA readiness. [...] Claude Platform on AWS and Microsoft Foundry: HIPAA readiness is not available on these platforms.”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
- Data Security - Fireworks AI Docs ↗
“Fireworks is HIPAA compliant and supports healthcare and life sciences organizations in leveraging our rapid inference capabilities with confidence.”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
GDPR / data residency
- Anthropic
- Inference geo is chosen per request ("global" or "us"); workspace data-at-rest geo is fixed at creation and "us" is currently the only option.
- Fireworks AI
- Enterprise-only data residency pins all account inference to one region; US (us.api.fireworks.ai) is the only listed option, default is None, other regions via sales.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Data residency - Claude Platform Docs ↗
“inference geo: controls where model inference runs, on a per-request basis [...] Workspace geo is set when you create a workspace and can [...] is the only available workspace geo.”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
- Data residency - Fireworks AI Docs ↗
“Data residency restricts inference on your account to a single region. Once a region is set, every request must use that region’s API endpoint and a model served in that region. [...] Data residency is available on Enterprise accounts. [...] None is the default. For a region that is not listed, contact sales”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
Encryption at rest
- Anthropic
- Workspace data is encrypted at rest under Anthropic's default encryption; an opt-in customer-managed key can replace it.
- Fireworks AI
- Encrypted at rest with AES-256, and in transit with TLS 1.2+.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Customer-managed encryption keys - Claude Platform Docs ↗
“have Anthropic use it to encrypt certain workspace data at rest [...] Eligible organizations can opt in to use customer-managed encryption keys instead of the default encryption that Anthropic provides.”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
- Data Security - Fireworks AI Docs ↗
“Data is encrypted in transit (TLS 1.2+) and at rest (AES-256).”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
Customer-managed keys
- Anthropic
- Optional CMEK using a key in your own AWS KMS, Google Cloud KMS or Azure Key Vault; US regions only, permanent once enabled, activated by the account team.
- Fireworks AI
- Bring your own AWS KMS, Google Cloud KMS or Azure Key Vault key; CMEK covers training datasets and checkpoints (LoRA SFT, DPO, RFT), not full-parameter training. Final model weights listed as "Coming soon" on the same page.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Customer-managed encryption keys - Claude Platform Docs ↗
“A customer-managed encryption key (CMEK) lets you provision an encryption key in your own AWS KMS, Google Cloud KMS, or Azure Key Vault [...] CMEK is currently available in US regions only, and all encryption operations are processed in US regions. [...] To activate CMEK, contact your Anthropic account team.”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
- Data Security - Fireworks AI Docs ↗
“Customers may integrate their own AWS KMS, Google Cloud KMS, or Azure Key Vault key to retain governance and apply their own encryption policies. [...] Customer-Managed Encryption Keys for Training (LoRA SFT, DPO, and RFT; full-parameter training not supported)”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
Role-based access control
- Anthropic
- Claude Enterprise members hold one of five organization roles, plus custom roles attached to groups; the Admin API reads groups and custom roles.
- Fireworks AI
- Four account roles - Admin, User, Contributor and Inference User - with documented per-role resource and API-key permissions. Contributor and Inference User must be enabled by Fireworks support.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- User management - Claude Platform Docs ↗
“Groups connect members to custom roles (role-based access control, the RBAC in the endpoint paths and scope names) [...] Every member has exactly one organization role. Reads return the member”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
- Managing users - Fireworks AI Docs ↗
“Each user in an account is assigned a role that determines their level of access: [...] The contributor and inference-user roles are newer roles that provide more granular access control.”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
Private networking / VPC
- Anthropic
- AWS PrivateLink is supported for connecting your VPC to the Claude Platform on AWS endpoint. Claude Platform on AWS; the statement does not extend to the first-party api.anthropic.com endpoint.
- Fireworks AI
- Bring Your Own Cluster (Enterprise, Private Preview) runs Fireworks inference inside your own Kubernetes cluster, cloud account or data-center network boundary.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Claude Platform on AWS - Claude Platform Docs ↗
“AWS PrivateLink is supported for connecting your VPC to the Claude Platform on AWS endpoint.”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
- Bring Your Own Cluster - Fireworks AI Docs ↗
“Bring Your Own Cluster (BYOC) lets Enterprise customers run Fireworks inference inside their own Kubernetes cluster. Your inference compute runs in your cloud account or data center boundary, while Fireworks installs and operates the serving stack for you. [...] Bring Your Own Cluster is in Private Preview for Enterprise customers.”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
Dedicated infrastructure
- Anthropic
- Priority Tier capacity commitments are no longer sold; existing ones run to their contract end date and guaranteed capacity goes through sales.
- Fireworks AI
- On-demand deployments run on dedicated GPUs billed per GPU-second, with no hard rate limits and performance unaffected by other users.
Sources (2) →Sources ↓
- Service tiers - Claude Platform Docs ↗
“Priority Tier capacity commitments are no longer available for purchase. Organizations with an existing commitment can continue to use Priority Tier through their contract end date”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
- Deployments - Fireworks AI Docs ↗
“On-demand deployments give you dedicated GPUs for your models, providing several advantages over serverless: [...] Lower latency, higher throughput, and predictable performance unaffected by other users [...] on-demand deployments are billed by GPU-second”
Read 2026-09-13 · official docs · Report a correction
When these numbers change, hear about it. Sources are re-checked monthly; a repricing goes out as a short note.
Documented by only one.
These criteria are published by one provider and not the other. An absence here means we have not found a source, not that the feature is missing — except where we say we read the other provider's own page on a given date and it does not state it. Those rows lean, and the provider can correct them with a link.
Questions this comparison answers.
Should I choose Anthropic or Fireworks AI?
Pick Anthropic if Teams that want the full 1M-token window at the standard per-token rate rather than a long-context surcharge, and that can use caching and batch to cut a frontier-model bill roughly in half.
Pick Fireworks AI if Running open-weight models without operating GPUs — the same DeepSeek and Qwen checkpoints the labs publish, served per token, with a path to dedicated hardware if throughput demands it.

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